THE FOURTH QUESTION
Who thinks the Michelson-Morley Experiment proves there is no
Aether?
Copyright © 1998 Harold Aspden
Introduction
Are you one of those physicists who are naive
enough to think that the Michelson-Morley experiment proved the non-existence of
the aether? Are you perhaps a student who seeks to learn the truth as to whether
or not there is an aether and are puzzled by what your professor teaches
concerning Einstein's theory?
Yes, I too have a physics textbook which
describes the Michelson-Morley experiment and says that:
"the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment could be
explained by assuming that at the time of the experiment the earth was
stationary with respect to the aether."
That book goes on to explain
why this cannot be, because the experiment has been repeated at different times
with the same result and body Earth has moved meanwhile through that aether, the
aether being 'seen' as a stationary medium.
Does it not puzzle you that
expressions such as 'could be' and 'assuming', not to mention how anyone knows
that the aether is 'stationary' leave one wondering what it is that physicists
do know about this subject?
Has your professor explained to you that
Michelson, for many years, indeed decades, after performing the experiment
continued to believe in the existence of the aether and eventually detected
rotation relative to that aether using a modified version of his apparatus? Now
why would Michelson himself not have been convinced as to the verdict on the
non-existence of the aether pronounced by his own experiment?
So here is
my main question. The Michelson-Morley experiment dates from the period
(1881-1887), some few years before Wiener's discovery in 1890 that there are
such things as stationary waves set up when light waves are reflected from a
mirror surface. Michelson could not have known that his apparatus would 'drag'
those stationary waves and so their energy content along with the apparatus and
that that energy must necessarily share the motion of the apparatus through the
aether. Had he known, would he still have performed the experiment, knowing that
it would give a null result anyway?
Ask you professor what he or she
thinks about that. To make the question a little more challenging ask your
professor if there are mirrors which reflect light forward and backwards in a
laser, again involving stationary waves, and why it is that lasers are relied
upon as a modern means for verifying the Michelson-Morley null result to a very
high degree of precision. Surely if one traps oscillatory waves in an enclosure
and knows for certain that there are electric vector wave nodes locked to the
mirror surface, as your physics professor should well know, then the energy of
those waves is obliged to share that laser's motion through space.
Who
has told you, first, that light moving through empty space travels at a constant
and universal speed, c, relative to an absolute frame of reference and then, by
a change of mind, said "No, that is impossible owing to Einstein's theory and
the findings of the Michelson-Morley experiment, so you must believe that the
speed of light you see is referenced on you, the observer?"
Why, Oh why,
do you not see the 'light' everytime you look at the digital LED liquid crystal
display of a pocket calculator? Imagine you were to be well and truly immersed
in the fluid medium of that display and you were to travel along with it through
space. Do you think the glowing digits of the display would not be able to keep
pace and share your motion? They would move with the electric fields set up by
the electrode structure of the display, just as those stationary waves mentioned
above move with the mirror. So, who says that the aether cannot exist as a kind
of fluid crystal medium, having structure that can adapt to electric fields of
mobile material bodies and have its 'structure' share that motion whilst its own
'substance' as such does not share that translational motion?
Your
professor may not have told you that when there was belief in the existence of a
real aether, physicists had problems in determining whether it was a kind of
subtle solid or a true fluid, because its wave propagation properties to satisfy
Maxwell's equations demand some kind of rigidity in its form. Once the fluid
crystal was discovered it should have been seen that this dilemma could be
overcome. One is then left with scope for exploring that 'structure' and, as I
then discovered, connecting that structure with the interpretation of the way in
which Nature determines the fine-structure constant. That is the regulating
vacuum quantity that underlies Planck's constant and quantum theory.
So
Einstein avoided the aether by his notions about four-space and time distortion,
but was lost when confronted with quantum theory and those who believe in the
mathematical, as opposed to the physical, attributes of quantum theory think
they can get by without worrying about the aether and the Michelson-Morley
problem.
Such is your world. My world offers the vista of a sea of energy
filling space as a real aether medium and all I can say to you, if you are a
student, is to suggest you ask those awkward questions and do not be satisfied
with platitudes in response. If your professor says there is other evidence,
then what is that evidence? If the argument takes you into the world of
electrodynamics then the jungle there is even more dense owing to
misinterpretation of experimental findings. For example, physicists perform
experiments using electron closed circuit currents and then make the mistake of
assuming that the force laws they devise apply to currents not carried by
electrons. Mathematicians involved with the Theory of Relativity are more
devious. They transform equations and can make something move with a steady
velocity without saying it is a flow in a 'closed circuit'. An electron can be
at rest and can be said to move relative to a frame of reference if that frame
of reference moves past it, but then every part of that frame extending to
infinity is moving as well and, in my language, that 'closes' the circuit. Such
discussion opens debate concerning the Neumann potential and the link between
electromagnetism and gravitation, but that is something I have discussed
elsewhere in the Tutorial
section of these Web pages.
I conclude by stressing that one does not
need to get into arguments about Einstein's theory, given that the foundations
on which it has been built, or at least the platform from which it is taught,
shifted and became insecure in view of those stationary waves set up in the
Michelson-Morley experiment. For some reason, possibly connected with the way a
believer in Relativity thinks, those who preach the gospel of Relativity do not
seem to know that their platform collapsed once Wiener discovered the properties
of stationary waves.
Press the following link button to proceed to the next Essay in this
'Question' series:
'Question
No. 5'
May 20, 1998